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1 Bosch, Carl
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 27 August 1874 Cologne, Germanyd. 26 April 1940 Heidelberg, Germany[br]German industrial chemist who developed the industrial synthesis of ammonia.[br]Bosch spent a year as a metalworker before studying chemistry at Leipzig University, obtaining his doctorate in 1898. The following year, he entered Badische Soda-, Anilin Fabrik (BASF), the leading German manufacturer of dyestuflfs. Between 1902 and 1907 he spent much time investigating processes for nitrogen fixation. In 1908 Fritz Haber told BASF of his laboratory-scale synthesis of ammonia from its constituent elements, and in the following year Bosch was assigned to developing it to the industrial scale. Leading a large team of chemists and engineers, Bosch designed the massive pressure converter and other features of the process and was the first to use the water gas shift reaction to produce the large quantities of hydrogen that were required. By 1913 Bosch had completed the largest chemical engineering plant at BASF's works at Oppau, and soon it was producing 36,000 tons of ammonium sulphate a year. Bosch enlarged the Oppau plant and went on to construct a larger plant at Leuna.In 1914 Bosch was appointed a Director of BASF. At the end of the First World War he became Technical Adviser to the German delegation at the peace conference. During the 1920s BASF returned to its position of pre-eminence in high-pressure technology, thanks largely to Bosch's leadership. Although increasingly absorbed in administrative matters, Bosch was able to support the synthesis of methane and the hydrogenation of coal tar and lignite to make petrol. In 1925 BASF merged with other companies to form the giant IG Farbenindustrie AG, of which Bosch became Chairman of the Managing Board. His achievements received international recognition in 1931 when he was awarded, with F. Bergius, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for high-pressure synthesis.[br]Bibliography1932, Über die Entwicklung der chemischen Hochdruckindustrie bei der Aufbau der neuen Ammoniakindustrie.Further ReadingK.Holdermann, 1953, Carl Bosch, Leben und Werk.See also biographical memoir in Chemische Berichte 190 (1957), pp. xix–xxxix.LRD -
2 Bosch Carl
Бош Карл (1874-1910), химик-технолог, создал первую промышленную установку синтеза аммиака под давлением на железном катализаторе. Лауреат Нобелевской премии (совместно с Бергиусом) 1930 г. → Bergius Friedrich -
3 Bosch
short name for the German company Robert Bosch GmbH; the last name of:, Hieronymus Bosch (1450–1516) - Dutch painter; Robert Bosch (1861–1942) - German industrialist; -Carl Bosch (1874–1940) - German chemist and engineer; Juan Bosch (1909–2001) -
4 Chemical technology
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5 Bergius Friedrich
Бергиус Фридрих (1884-1949), химик-технолог. Разработал (1913) один из способов получения жидкого моторного топлива. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1931 г. совместно с К. Бошем → Bosch Carl -
6 Technische Universität Berlin
тж. TUBТехнический университет г. Берлин, обучение ведётся на факультетах физики, химии, инженерных технологий, физической культуры, горного дела, информатики, электротехники, экологии. В настоящее время самый большой технический университет Германии. В университете впервые осуществлён на практике т.н. "технологический трансфер" (Technologietransfer) – университетское подразделение, поддерживающее контакты с научными и производственными институтами. В начале 1990-х гг. в результате университетской реформы число факультетов сократилось с 22 до 15. История университета начинается с основания Фридрихом Великим в 1770 г. Горной академии в Берлине. В 1799 г. была открыта Строительная академия, а в 1821 г. Ремесленная академия. В 1879 г. они были объединены в Королевское высшее техническое училище (TH). В Берлинском техническом вузе учились и преподавали лауреаты Нобелевской премии Карл Бош, Фриц Хабер, Густав Герц, Вольфганг Пауль. В 1899 г. кайзер Вильгельм II пожаловал университету (первому в Германии) право присваивать учёную степень доктора наук. В 1918 г. по инициативе Георга Шлезингера при вузе был основан Институт промышленной психотехники, который занимался социальными аспектами производственных процессов. В 1926 г. была введена новая специальность "инженер экономики". После войны открыт в 1946 г. → Berlin, Technische Universität, Friedrich II. der Große, Bosch Carl, Haber Fritz, Hertz Gustav, Paul Hermann, Wilhelm II.Германия. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Technische Universität Berlin
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7 Haber, Fritz
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland[br]German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.[br]Bibliography1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.Further ReadingJ.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).LRD -
8 Automotive engineering
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMorris, William Richard -
9 Steam and internal combustion engines
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Giffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesHamilton, Harold LeePorta, Giovanni Battista dellaBiographical history of technology > Steam and internal combustion engines
См. также в других словарях:
Bosch, Carl — (1874 1940) chemist and industrialist; helped create IG Far ben.* Born in Cologne, he was a nephew of the industrialist Robert Bosch.* He studied metallurgy and engineering before taking a doctorate in chemistry at Leipzig. In 1909, as a… … Historical dictionary of Weimar Republik
Bosch, Carl — ▪ German chemist born Aug. 27, 1874, Cologne, Germany died April 26, 1940, Heidelberg German industrial chemist who developed the Haber Bosch process for high pressure synthesis of ammonia and received, with Friedrich Bergius (Bergius,… … Universalium
Bosch , Carl — (1874–1940) German industrial chemist Born in Cologne, Germany, Bosch was trained as both metallurgist and chemist and gained his doctorate under Johannes Wislicenus at Leipzig (1898). He joined the large German dyestuffs company, Badische Anilin … Scientists
Bosch — Carl … Scientists
Carl Bosch — (1931) Carl Bosch (* 27. August 1874 in Köln; † 26. April 1940 in Heidelberg) war ein deutscher Chemiker, Techniker, Industrieller und Vorstandsvorsitzender des Chemiekonzerns I.G. Farben. In der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus war er… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Carl Wurster — (* 2. Dezember 1900 in Stuttgart; † 14. Dezember 1974 in Frankenthal (Pfalz)) war ein deutscher Chemiker und Wehrwirtschaftsführer. Leben Wurster, Sohn eines Stadtpolizeirats, verbrachte seine Schulzeit in Stuttgart. Nach dem Abschluss seines… … Deutsch Wikipedia
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Carl Bosch — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Carl Bosch (n. Colonia, 27 de agosto de 1874 † Heidelberg, 26 de abril de 1940) fue un químico e ingeniero alemán galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Química del año 1931. Contenido 1 Biografía 2 … Wikipedia Español
